Ukuxazulula I-Gridlock: Ithuba Lokuhlinzeka Ngogesi LaseMelika

Namuhla, igridi ibhekene nemingcele emikhulu yochungechunge lokuphakelwa, futhi amandla okukhiqiza ase-US asalokhu elinganiselwe.

Isidingo semishini yegridi sikhuphuke kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva nje (Umbukiso 2), okuholele ezikhathini ezinde zokulethwa (Umbukiso 3) kanye namanani aphakeme (Umbukiso 4). Izindleko zezintambo zezintambo zikagesi, isibonelo, ziye zanda. iphindwe kabili kusukela ngo-2019, kanti amanani e-power transformer akhuphuke cishe ngo-75%. Ukwenyuka kwamanani emishini yegridi kungaba nomthelela omkhulu ku- izindleko zikagesi zabathengi bamabhizinisi kanye nezindlu. Ngokuvumelana ne ukuhlaziywa kusukela eLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, izindleko zokusabalalisa kanye nokudlulisa, ezithintwe yizithiyo zochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa, zibe negalelo ekwandeni kwamuva kwezikweletu zikagesi zabathengi.

Umbukiso 2

Naphezu kwentuthuko ethile yokuvuselela, kudingeka isinyathelo esengeziwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe uchungechunge lokuphakelwa kwegridi yaseMelika.

Abakhiqizi sebeqala ukusabela ekushodeni kwe-grid supply chain ngezimemezelo eziningana zakamuva zamandla okukhiqiza amasha noma anwetshiwe e-United States. Isibonelo, i-Hitachi Energy imemezele Ukutshalwa kwezimali okungu-$1 billion ekukhiqizweni kwemishini ye-transformer kanye negridi nefektri entsha eVirginia, kanye I-Siemens Energy ihlose amandla amasha okuguqula i-US ngo-2027. I Isivumelwano Sohlaka lwe-US-Japan Okuxoxiswane ngakho ngo-2025 kuphinde kube nezibopho zokutshalwa kwezimali kwemishini yegridi.

Lezi ntuthuko, yize zikhuthaza, azanele ukuvala izikhala zochungechunge lokuhlinzeka ngo-2030. Abakhiqizi bathathe indlela eqaphile yokutshalwa kwezimali okusha kuze kube manje, nge imijikelezo yomlando yokuqhakaza kanye nokuqhakaza okwenza abaphathi bazibuze ukuthi ngabe isidingo sizoqhubeka yini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-United States kumele inqobe izinselele zochungechunge lokuhlinzeka ngempahla ezihlobene nokufakwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, amandla abasebenzi, kanye nokuthengwa kwezinsizakusebenza:

• Okokufaka kwezinto: Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwakamuva kugxile ekuhlanganisweni kokugcina kwemishini yegridi kodwa akwenzi okuningi ukubhekana nomthamo noma ukuncika kwensimbi ekhethekile, ithusi, kanye ne-aluminium. I-United States inomthamo olinganiselwe wokucwengisisa ithusi lasekhaya kanye nabaphakeli ababili kuphela bezentengiselwano bensimbi kagesi engeyona eyokusanhlamvu (i-GOES kanye ne-NOES), kanye nomhlinzeki oyedwa kuphela wasekhaya wensimbi engaguquki, enye indlela yensimbi kagesi enezakhiwo zezinto ezithuthukisiwe.
• Abasebenzi: Umbiko wabakhiqizi bemishini yegridi izinselele zokuqasha nokugcina abasebenzi abanamakhono, ecaphuna ukushoda kwabasebenzi kwezobuchwepheshe njengenye yezithiyo ezinkulu ekwandiseni umthamo.
• Ukuthengwa kwezinsizakusebenza: Izinsiza zinemiklamo ye-transformer eyenzelwe wena enezidingo ezahlukene zosayizi kanye ne-voltage ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nomthwalo wamakhasimende. Izinga eliphezulu lokwenza ngokwezifiso umklamo (isb., ngaphezulu Izinhlobo ezingu-80,000 zama-transformer) kuvimbela ikhono lemboni lokukhulisa umkhiqizo nokwakha ukuqina kochungechunge lokuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo kuwo wonke amaphothifoliyo ephrojekthi. Imikhuba yokuthengwa kwezinsizakusebenza ezungeze abahlinzeki abakhethwayo kungenza kube nzima nangabakhiqizi abasha ukuthola isitifiketi.

Ngenxa yalokho, i-United States isalokhu ingenazo izinto ezanele. Ukukhiqizwa okukhona akuncintisani nezindleko zokungenisa ngenxa yezindleko eziphezulu zezinto zokwakha kanye nabasebenzi, kanye nobuchwepheshe obukhawulela umnotho wesilinganiso. Ama-transformer akhiqizwa ngaphakathi ezweni, isibonelo, kulinganiselwa ukuthi Kubiza kakhulu ngo-10%–25% kuneziguquli ezingenisiwe. Ukungenelela kwenqubomgomo okuqondiwe, okuxoxwe ngakho esigabeni esilandelayo, kungasiza ekwakheni amandla, ukuthuthukisa ukuxhumanisa, kanye nokunciphisa izindleko.

Ngaphandle kokungenelela kwenqubomgomo, i-United States izobhekana nesidingo semishini yegridi, okubeka izinsongo ezinkulu ohlelweni lukagesi nasemnothweni. Ngenhlanhla, kunezindlela eziningi zokuqinisa izintambo zokuhlinzeka ngegridi yaseMelika, futhi abenzi benqubomgomo kahulumeni sebeqala ukusabela.

NgoJanuwari 2026, iHhovisi likaGesi loMnyango Wezamandla (i-DOE) lanikezwa AmaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-375 ukuthuthukisa uchungechunge lokuphakelwa kwasekhaya kwama-transformer nezinye izingxenye zegridi kagesi nezinto zokwakha. Encwadini yokwazisa eya ku-DOE ngo-Ephreli 2026, uHulumeni kaTrump wenza isinqumo ngaphansi UMthetho Wokukhiqiza Ukuzivikela (i-DPA) yokwandisa umthamo wochungechunge lokuphakelwa kwegridi yasekhaya, okuchazwa ngokuthi “kunqunyelwe ngokuyingozi.” I-DPA igunyaza uhla olubanzi lwamathuluzi okuhlanganisa ukuthenga, izibopho zokuthenga, kanye nokusekelwa kwezezimali kokukhiqiza, yize ukuxhaswa ngemali okuzokwenziwa kuzoncika ngokwengxenye esinyathelweni seCongress esizayo.

Ngezansi kunezixazululo zenqubomgomo i-DOE engazicabangela njengoba i-ejensi ibeka uxhaso lwegridi entsha yokuhlinzeka ngezimali ukuze isebenzise futhi isebenzise i-DPA, kanye nezinyathelo ezengeziwe iCongress engazithatha ukubhekana nale nselele. Ukungenelela kwenqubomgomo kuhlelwe ngezigaba ezintathu: (1) ukunciphisa izithiyo zesikhathi esifushane, (2) ukwandisa amandla asekhaya, kanye (3) ukukhuthaza ukusungula izinto ezintsha. Nakuba izinzuzo zalokhu kungenelela zizobonakala ngezikhathi ezahlukene, abenzi benqubomgomo kufanele bacabangele amasu kuzo zonke izigaba ezintathu.

Amasu okunciphisa izithiyo zesikhathi esifushane zochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwegridi

Esikhathini esiseduze, abenzi bezinqubomgomo kufanele bagxile ekwenzeni ngcono umthamo wegridi okhona, ukubambisana namazwe ahlangene, ukukhulisa umkhiqizo ezindaweni ezikhona, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukubambisana kwemboni. Ngosizo lwezimali zakamuva, i-DOE ingasebenzisa izincomo eziningana ezingezansi. Umjikelezo wezimali ze-FY27 unganikeza imali eyengeziwe yokunciphisa izithiyo zesikhathi esifushane, kuyilapho ukugunyazwa kabusha koMthetho Wamandla ka-2020 inikeza ithuba lokubhala phansi uhlelo lokunikezela ngegridi ye-DOE.

• Khuthaza izixazululo zegridi ezihlukile. Kunezinhlobo eziningana izixazululo zesikhathi esiseduze okungasiza izikhungo zikahulumeni ukuthi zisebenzise ingqalasizinda ekhona ngempumelelo ukuze zilibazise ukuthengwa kwemishini emisha yokudlulisa nokusabalalisa. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izitshalo zamandla ezibonakalayo, ubuchwepheshe bokudlulisa obuthuthukisiwe, ukuguquguquka kwesidingo, kanye ukuvuselela okuhlanzekileAbenzi benqubomgomo kahulumeni kufanele bagxile ezixazululweni zokunciphisa izithiyo zokuthunyelwa futhi bacabangele imizamo efanayo yokuthuthukisa ukungabizi kukagesi.
• Phishekela ukubambisana namazwe ahlangene. Ngokwakha kusukela ohlakeni lwe-US-Japan, abenzi bezinqubomgomo bangahlanganisa imishini yegridi ezivumelwaneni zokuhweba ukusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukunikezwa kwesikhashana esifushane. Naphezu kokuntuleka komhlaba wonke, amanye amazwe ngamanye akwenzile umthamo wokukhiqiza osele, futhi i-DOE ingadlala indima ekwenzeni kube lula ubudlelwano obusha babahlinzeki ukusiza ekwakheni ukwethembana phakathi kwezinsizakusebenza kanye nabakhiqizi bomhlaba wonke ngaphandle kohlu lwabo lwamanje lwabahlinzeki abakhethwayo.
• Khulisa ukukhiqizwa okukhona. Ukwandisa umkhiqizo emafektri emishini yegridi ekhona kunganciphisa ukushoda ngokushesha kunokutshalwa kwezimali endaweni eluhlaza. Abakhiqizi bangandisa ukushintshashintsha, batshale imali ezinhlelweni zokukhiqiza, futhi bandise imigqa yokukhiqiza. Uma ukungaqiniseki kwemali ekhokhwa kusengaphambili, abasebenzi, noma isidingo kusalokhu kuyisithiyo ekwandeni, i-DOE inganikeza ukwesekwa ngokuthuthukiswa kwesikweletu, izinhlelo zokuthuthukiswa kwabasebenzi, noma ngokuxhumanisa ukuthathwa kwempahla.
• Thuthukisa ukubambisana kwemboni. I-DOE ingasebenzisa amandla ayo okuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa abakhiqizi bezingxenye zegridi, izinsizakusebenza, kanye namanye amakhasimende ezimboni ndawonye ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqonda izingozi zochungechunge lokuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo futhi kuvunyelwe ukuxazulula izinkinga ngokubambisana. Imihlangano ye-DOE, noma ukuvuselelwa ithimba le-tiger le-supply chain, kungenza kube lula izivumelwano zokwabelana phakathi kwezinsizakusebenza ezinezitolimende zokusekela ukuze kunqotshwe izithiyo zesikhathi esiseduze. Ukuhlangana kungasiza futhi imboni ukuthi ivumelane nenani lesikhathi eside, ihlele imiklamo ngendlela efanayo, futhi ibambisane ekuthuthukisweni kwabasebenzi ukuze kunikezwe abakhiqizi isiqiniseko abasidingayo sokutshala imali emandleni amasha.
• Vikela izinto ezibalulekile ezifakiwe. Uhulumeni angasebenzisa i- I-Vault Yephrojekthi, isitoreji esisekelwa yi-EXIM, ukuze kuncishiswe izinselele zokutholakala kwezinto kanye nezimakethe zezimpahla eziguquguqukayo zensimbi ekhethekile nezinye izinto ezibalulekile.

Amasu okwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwasekhaya kwezingxenye ezibalulekile zegridi

Izakhiwo zaseGreenfield zingathatha iminyaka eminingi ukufinyelela ekukhiqizeni okugcwele, kodwa ukwenza lokhu kutshalwa kwezimali namuhla kubalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe ukuzinza nokukhula kwegridi kagesi yase-US, kuncishiswe ukuchayeka ekuphazamisekeni kweketanga lokuhlinzeka ngempahla esikhathini esizayo, futhi kusetshenziswe ithuba lezomnotho lokukhiqiza kwasekhaya. Abenzi bezinqubomgomo kufanele bacabangele amasu alandelayo okukhuthaza ukutshalwa kwezimali okusha kwamandla okukhiqiza, bebeka phambili izingxenye zegridi nezinto ezisetshenziswayo engcupheni enkulu.

• Nweba izinzuzo zentela yokukhiqiza. ICongress ingandisa ukukhiqizwa okuthuthukile kokukhiqiza kanye nezikweletu zentela yokutshalwa kwezimali ezikhona ku-grid supply chain. Izikhuthazo zentela zingasiza ukuvala igebe lezindleko zokukhiqiza ngokungenisa impahla kwamanye amazwe futhi zikhuthaze ukutshalwa kwezimali emandleni amasha okukhiqiza ngokukhulisa imbuyiselo yamaphrojekthi. Izikweletu zentela ze-grid supply chain kufanele zenzelwe ukusekela izinto eziklanywe ngobunjiniyela kanye nezimpahla eziqediwe, kufaka phakathi izingxenye zesizukulwane esilandelayo. Enye indlela kungaba ukudala isikweletu sentela yokutshalwa kwezimali zezikhungo ezintsha zokukhiqiza (isb., ukwabela imali ohlelweni lwe-48C lapho imishini yegridi isivele ifanelekile), ngenkathi ihlinzeka ngesikweletu sentela yokukhiqiza kokufakwayo kwezinto kanye nezingxenye (isb., ukwengeza i-grid supply chain ku 45XLesi sakhiwo sizoqhuba ukutshalwa kwezimali emandleni amasha okukhiqiza ngenkathi sibhekana nezingqinamba zezinto zokusetshenziswa ezitholakala phezulu.
• Qinisekisa ukufinyelela emalini yokukhulisa imali engabizi kakhuluIzinhlelo zemalimboleko zikahulumeni zinganikeza imali eshibhile yokukhulisa umkhiqizo nokuthuthukisa ukuncintisana. Isibonelo, i-DOE's Uhlelo Lokuxhasa Ngezimali Amandla inganikeza imali mboleko eshibhile kanye neziqinisekiso zemali mboleko zokukhiqizwa kwemishini yegridi nezinto zokwakha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-DPA Title III ingasetshenziswa ukuxhasa ukwakhiwa noma ukwandiswa kwezitshalo ngezibonelelo, imali mboleko, kanye neziqinisekiso zemali mboleko ukwenza imikhiqizo ingabi khona ebaluleke kakhulu ekuvikeleni kwezwe kanye nokuphepha kwamandla. ICongress ingasekela ukukhiqizwa kwegridi ngo ukugunyaza kabusha i-DPA kanye nokwenza isabelo-mali esiKhwameni se-DPA.
• Bhekana nezithiyo ezingezona izindleko zokukhiqiza. Ngale kwezikweletu zentela nemali mboleko, abenzi bezinqubomgomo kufanele babhekane nezinye izithiyo ekukhiqizeni, njengokutholakala kwabasebenzi, amazinga aphezulu okwenza ngokwezifiso, kanye nokungaqiniseki kwesidingo. I-DOE ingabambisana nomkhakha ozimele ekuthuthukisweni kwabasebenzi kanye nokulungiswa kwemishini futhi icabangele ukwenza lula izibopho zokubopha amanani phakathi kwezinsizakusebenza nabakhiqizi. Ngezinga ukungaqiniseki kwesidingo okuvimbela ngalo ukutshalwa kwezimali okusha kokukhiqiza, uhulumeni wobumbano angangena njengomthengi oyinhloko noma umthengi wendlela yokugcina, esebenzisa iziphathimandla ze-DPA noma ezinye iziphathimandla ze-DOE zokuthengiselana ukudala i- isitoreji se-transformer esibonakalayo, okusiza ekwenzeni kube lula ukuchuma nokuqeda umjikelezo wokukhula kwemishini futhi kukhuthazwe ukwenziwa kwemishini ibe yizinga elifanayo. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuncintisana kokukhiqiza, uhulumeni wobumbano angaphinde acabangele izinhlelo zokukhuthaza amasu okukhiqiza athuthukile futhi khuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwezimboni ezibeka phambili amakhono ezomnotho akhona ezifundeni kanye namandla ezimboni.

Amasu okukhuthaza ukusungula ubuchwepheshe begridi

Ihadiwe yegridi ishintsha ngokushesha, nge ubuchwepheshe besizukulwane esilandelayo obuvelayo kusukela kuma-LPT amasha kanye neziteshi eziqinile kuya kuma-transmission e-HVDC kanye nama-conductor asebenza kahle kakhulu. Izinkampani eziningana ezisafufusa ezisekelwe e-US zakha ihadiwe yegridi ethuthukisa ukusebenza, igweme imingcele yezinto zokusetshenziswa, futhi inemiklamo eguquguqukayo, esebenzisanayo. Abenzi bezinqubomgomo bangasiza ekukhuthazeni nasekuthengiseni lezi zinto ezintsha e-United States.

• Tshala imali ocwaningweni, ekuthuthukisweni, nasekuboniseni (RD&D) kwamaketanga okuhlinzeka ngegridiI-DOE, ngokubambisana nohlelo lweLabhorethri Kazwelonke, ingasekela umkhakha ozimele ekuthuthukiseni nasekuhloleni izingxenye zegridi yesizukulwane esilandelayo ngezinhlelo ezifana Ukuqina Kokuguqulwa Kwezinguquko Nezingxenye Ezithuthukisiwe, Ucwaningo Lokusungula Amabhizinisi Amancane, Ukudluliselwa Kobuchwepheshe Bebhizinisi Amancane, kanye neminye imiklomelo kanye nemincintiswano. IPhalamende lingaphinde licabangele ukwabela imali eyengeziwe yocwaningo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwehadiwe yegridi.
• Lungiselela abashayeli bezindiza ngezinsizakusebenzaI-DOE ingasheshisa ukwamukelwa kwezingxenye zegridi ezithuthukisiwe ngokuxhasa ngezimali izinhlelo zokuhlola nezokubonisa ngezinsiza zokunciphisa ingozi yokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokuqala, okwakhiwa kusukela muva nje. Izinhlelo Zokusungula Igridi.
• Sekela ukuthengiswa kwasekuqaleniUkuze kusekelwe ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye zegridi zesigaba sokuqala, i-DOE ingandisa ukufinyelela emigqeni yokukhiqiza yokuhlola kanye nokukhiqizwa kwesilinganiso sokuboniswa ngezinhlelo ezifana I-ARPA-E SCALEUP noma Isikhwama Sokuhweba Ngobuchwepheshe.

Ukuqinisa uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwegridi kuzodala amathuba okukhula komnotho ezifundazweni nasezifundeni kulo lonke izwe. Isibonelo, ukuhlaziywa kwakamuva eCalifornia bathole ukuthi uma ukukhiqizwa kwesifundazwe kuhlangabezana no-30% wesidingo semishini yegridi, kuzodala imisebenzi ehlala isikhathi eside efinyelela ku-12,000. Ukuze izifunda zabo zibeke izifunda zazo ukuze zihehe utshalomali lokukhiqiza, abenzi bezinqubomgomo besifundazwe nesifunda kanye nabaholi bentuthuko yomnotho bangenza okulandelayo:

• Beka imephu yokuhlangana phakathi kwesizinda sezimboni sesifunda sabo kanye nezinqubo zokukhiqiza zezinhlobo ezahlukene zemishini yegridi. Lo msebenzi wakha uhlaka oluphezulu lokubhekisela ezinhlotsheni zokukhiqiza imishini yegridi, kokubili esigabeni sobuchwepheshe kanye nesigaba sochungechunge lokuhlinzeka, ezihambisana kakhulu namandla abasebenzi besifunda aqongelelwe. Isibonelo, amaqembu okukhiqiza ama-transformer avame ukuhlangana nokukhiqizwa kwamafutha okugcoba. Lokhu cishe kubonisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokuvimbela ukuvuvukala kuchungechunge lokuhlinzeka ngama-transformer amakhulu avamile.
• Lungiselela ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokuqeqesha abasebenzi ezenzelwe wena. Njengabaningi abakhula ngokushesha i-electro-industrial imikhakha, abakhiqizi bemishini yegridi baveza izinselele eziqhubekayo ekutholeni abasebenzi abanekhono kwezobuchwepheshe. Ngenxa yalokho, abakhiqizi banakho izinhlelo zabasebenzi eziguquguqukayo ezicashunwe njengesici esibalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi uzowathola kuphi amaphrojekthi amasha ezweni. Izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa abasebenzi ezihamba phambili ezweni ngaphesheya kweNingizimu-mpumalanga Kuyingxenye yezizathu ezenza izifundazwe ezifana neNorth Carolina, iSouth Carolina, iTennessee, kanye neVirginia zihole indlela ekuheheni ukutshalwa kwezimali ekukhiqizeni igridi eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. Izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa abasebenzi ezilungiselelwe futhi eziguquguqukayo zivumela izifundazwe ukuthi zincintisane ngezinhlobo zamaphrojekthi asekelayo angakhuthaza amaqoqo amasha okukhiqiza.

Umbukiso 8

Manje sekuyisikhathi sokuqinisa izintambo zokuphakelwa kukagesi zaseMelika